Atoms 1.7 describe experimental techniques for the separation of mixtures, including simple distillation, fractional distillation, filtration, crystallisation and paper chromatography

Separation of mixtures

Since the components of a mixture are not bonded together, they can be separated without using chemical reactions.

Filtration- To separate an undissolved solid from a mixture of the solid and a liquid/solution (e.g. sand and water)

Evaporation- To separate a dissolved solid from a solution, when a solid has similar solubilities in both cold and hot solvent (e.g. sodium chloride from a solution of sodium chloride and water)

Crystallisation- To separate a dissolved solid from a solution, when the solid is much more soluble in hot solvent than cold (e.g. copper (II) sulfate from a solution of copper (II) sulfate in water)

Simple distillation- To separate a liquid from a solution (water from a solution with sodium chloride and water)

Fractional distillation- To separate two or more liquids that a miscible with each other (e.g. ethanol and water)

Paper chromatography- To seperate that have different solubilities in a given solvent (e.g. different coloured inks that have been mixed to make black ink)